Everything about Archduchy Of Austria totally explained
The
Archduchy of Austria, one of the most important states within the
Holy Roman Empire, was the center of the
Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the
Austrian Empire. Over nearly 700 years, it evolved from a
margravate to the center of an
empire. With its capital at
Vienna, the archduchy was centered in the area of the current
Austrian
federal state of
Lower Austria and included most of what is now
Upper Austria as well.
Marchia Orientalis under the Babenbergers
In
Carolingian times and during the early
Middle Ages, the core of territory that would become the Archduchy of Austria was known as
marchia orientalis or "eastern march".
Ethnic German migrants displaced earlier
Slavic populations in the 9th and 10th centuries and, after the
Battle of Lechfeld in 955, the area became one of the
marches of the Holy Roman Empire and was given a
margrave around 960. From 976, the territory was ruled by the
Babenberg dynasty and it came to be known as
Ostarrîchi ("Eastern Realm"), the linguistic ancestor of the German name for Austria,
Österreich.
Duchy of Austria
In 1156, the margravate was raised to the status of a duchy through the
Privilegium Minus issued by
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. In 1278,
Rudolph I defeated
Ottokar II of Bohemia and secured the duchy for the Habsburg dynasty.
Archduchy of Austria
In 1359, the
forged Privilegium Maius was used by
Duke Rudolf IV to elevate the status of the duchy to that of archduchy, but the action wasn't recognized by the Holy Roman Empire.
Ernest was the first to adopt the title of
archduke. The archduchy wasn't formally recognized, however, until the Habsburgs gained control of the office of Holy Roman Emperor in 1453 under
Frederick III. Austria was the only state ever to be designated an archduchy. From the 16th century, members of the House of Habsburg held the title of archduke or archduchess similar to "
princes or princesses of the blood" in other European royal houses. From 1512, the archduchy was also the center of an
Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the
Austrian Circle, which mostly consisted of the Habsburg hereditary lands.
Habsburg Empire
In 1804, Emperor
Francis II promoted his territory within the Holy Roman Empire from archduchy to empire in reaction to
Napoleon I's proclamation of the
French Empire; two years later Francis formally dissolved the defunct Holy Roman Empire. The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as a constituent
crown land (
Kronland) within the empire although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for some purposes. The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with collapse of
Austria-Hungary and the creation of the separate
federal states of
Lower and
Upper Austria in the new Republic of
German Austria.
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